What serious condition is Sam at risk of developing due to fluid volume overload?

In the context of fluid volume overload, pulmonary edema is a critical condition that can arise because of an excess of fluid in the lungs. When there is an overload of fluids, it can lead to increased pressure within the pulmonary capillaries, causing them to leak fluid into the alveoli. This accumulation of fluid within the lung tissue impairs gas exchange, which can result in symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Pulmonary edema is particularly concerning as it can rapidly lead to respiratory failure if not addressed promptly, making it a serious complication of fluid volume overload.

Heart failure, while also a possible outcome of fluid overload, often involves a broader systemic impact rather than being specifically related to the lungs. Cerebral edema refers to swelling in the brain, which is generally associated with traumatic injury or other neurological issues, and pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is not directly caused by fluid overload. Hence, the selection of pulmonary edema correctly highlights the immediate respiratory risks linked to fluid volume overload.